| chronopl {ape} | R Documentation |
This function estimates the node ages of a tree using semi-parametric method based on penalized likelihood (Sanderson 2002). The branch lengths of the input tree are interpreted as (mean) numbers of substitutions.
chronopl(phy, lambda, node.age = 1, node = "root", CV = FALSE)
phy |
an object of class "phylo". |
lambda |
value of the smoothng parameter. |
node.age |
numeric values specifying the fixed node ages. |
node |
the numbers of the nodes whose ages are given by
node.age; "root" is a short-cut the number of the
node. |
CV |
whether to perform cross-validation. |
The idea of this method is to use a trade-off between a parametric formulation where each branch has its own rate, and a nonparametric term where changes in rates are minimized between contiguous branches. A smoothing parameter (lambda) controls this trade-off. If lambda = 0, then the parametric component dominates and rates vary as much as possible among branches, whereas for increasing values of lambda, the variation are smoother to tend to a clock-like model (same rate for all branches).
lambda must be given. The known ages are given in
node.age, and the correponding node numbers in node.
These two arguments must obviously be of the same length. By default,
an age of 1 is assumed for the root, and the ages of the other nodes
are estimated.
The cross-validation used here is different from the one proposed by Sanderson (2002). Here, each tip is dropped successively and the analysis is repeated with the reduced tree: the estimated dates for the remaining nodes are compared with the estimates from the full data. For the ith tip the following is calculated:
SUM[j = 1, ..., n-2] (tj - tj[-i])^2/tj
,
where tj is the estimated date for the jth node with the full phylogeny, tj[-i] is the estimated date for the jth node after removing tip i from the tree, and n is the number of tips.
an object of class "phylo" with branch lengths as estimated by
the function. There are two or three further attributes:
ploglik |
the maximum penalized log-likelihood. |
rates |
the estimated rates for each branch. |
D2 |
the influence of each observation on overall date
estimates (if CV = TRUE). |
Emmanuel Paradis Emmanuel.Paradis@mpl.ird.fr
Sanderson, M. J. (2002) Estimating absolute rates of molecular evolution and divergence times: a penalized likelihood approach. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 19, 101–109.
chronogram, ratogram,
NPRS.criterion