localmoran {spdep} | R Documentation

## Local Moran's I statistic

### Description

The local spatial statistic Moran's I is calculated for each zone based on the spatial weights object used. The values returned include a Z-value, and may be used as a diagnostic tool. The statistic is:

I_i = frac{(x_i-bar{x})}{{sum_{k=1}^{n}(x_k-bar{x})^2}/n}{sum_{j=1}^{n}w_{ij}(x_j-bar{x})}

, and its expectation and variance are given in Anselin (1995).

### Usage

    localmoran(x, listw, zero.policy=FALSE, na.action=na.fail,
            alternative = "greater", p.adjust.method="none", spChk=NULL)

### Arguments

`x` | a numeric vector the same length as the neighbours list in listw
`listw` | a `listw` object created for example by `nb2listw`
`zero.policy` | if TRUE assign zero to the lagged value of zones without neighbours, if FALSE assign NA
`na.action` | a function (default `na.fail`), can also be `na.omit` or `na.exclude` - in these cases the weights list will be subsetted to remove NAs in the data. It may be necessary to set zero.policy to TRUE because this subsetting may create no-neighbour observations. Note that only weights lists created without using the glist argument to `nb2listw` may be subsetted. If `na.pass` is used, zero is substituted for NA values in calculating the spatial lag. (Note that na.exclude will only work properly starting from R 1.9.0, na.omit and na.exclude assign the wrong classes in 1.8.*)
`alternative` | a character string specifying the alternative hypothesis, must be one of greater (default), less or two.sided.
`p.adjust.method` | a character string specifying the probability value adjustment for multiple tests, default "none"; see `p.adjustSP`. Note that the number of multiple tests for each region is only taken as the number of neighbours + 1 for each region, rather than the total number of regions.
`spChk` | should the data vector names be checked against the spatial objects for identity integrity, TRUE, or FALSE, default NULL to use `get.spChkOption()`

### Value

`Ii` | local moran statistic
`E.Ii` | expectation of local moran statistic
`Var.Ii` | variance of local moran statistic
`Z.Ii` | standard deviate of local moran statistic
`Pr()` | p-value of local moran statistic

### Author(s)

Roger Bivand Roger.Bivand@nhh.no

### References

Anselin, L. 1995. Local indicators of spatial association, Geographical Analysis, 27, 93–115; Getis, A. and Ord, J. K. 1996 Local spatial statistics: an overview. In P. Longley and M. Batty (eds) Spatial analysis: modelling in a GIS environment (Cambridge: Geoinformation International), 261–277.

### See Also

`localG`

### Examples

    data(afcon)
    oid <- order(afcon$id)
    resI <- localmoran(spNamedVec("totcon", afcon), nb2listw(paper.nb))
    printCoefmat(data.frame(resI[oid,], row.names=afcon$name[oid]), check.names=FALSE)
    hist(resI[,5])
    resI <- localmoran(spNamedVec("totcon", afcon), nb2listw(paper.nb), p.adjust.method="bonferroni")
    printCoefmat(data.frame(resI[oid,], row.names=afcon$name[oid]), check.names=FALSE)
    hist(resI[,5])
    totcon <- spNamedVec("totcon", afcon)
    is.na(totcon) <- sample(1:length(totcon), 5)
    totcon
    resI.na <- localmoran(totcon, nb2listw(paper.nb), na.action=na.exclude,
     zero.policy=TRUE)
    if (class(attr(resI.na, "na.action")) == "exclude") {
     print(data.frame(resI.na[oid,], row.names=afcon$name[oid]), digits=2)
    } else print(resI.na, digits=2)
    resG <- localG(spNamedVec("totcon", afcon), nb2listw(include.self(paper.nb)))
    print(data.frame(resG[oid], row.names=afcon$name[oid]), digits=2)

[Package spdep version 0.3-25 Index]