Leaves              package:YaleToolkit              R Documentation

_M_o_r_p_h_o_l_o_g_i_c_a_l _d_e_s_c_r_i_p_t_i_o_n_s _o_f _l_e_a_f _f_l_o_r_a_s

_D_e_s_c_r_i_p_t_i_o_n:

     Measurements of the percentages of leaves in 31 morphological (or
     architectural) categories found in 245 leaf floras from 4 studies.

_U_s_a_g_e:

     data(Leaves)

_F_o_r_m_a_t:

     A data frame with 245 observations on the following 33 variables.

     '_L_o_b_d' a numeric vector giving percentage Lobed leaves

     '_E_n_t_r' a numeric vector giving percentage Entire leaves

     '_T_R_e_g' a numeric vector giving percentage leaves with Regular
          Teeth

     '_T_C_l_s' a numeric vector giving percentage leaves with Close Teeth

     '_T_R_n_d' a numeric vector giving percentage leaves with Round Teeth

     '_T_A_c_u' a numeric vector giving percentage leaves Acute Teeth

     '_T_C_m_p' a numeric vector giving percentage leaves with Compound
          Teeth

     '_Z_N_a_n' a numeric vector giving percentage Nanophyll leaves

     '_Z_L_e_1' a numeric vector giving percentage Leptophyll1 leaves

     '_Z_L_e_2' a numeric vector giving percentage Leptophyll2 leaves

     '_Z_M_i_1' a numeric vector giving percentage Microphyll1 leaves

     '_Z_M_i_2' a numeric vector giving percentage Microphyll2 leaves

     '_Z_M_i_3' a numeric vector giving percentage Microphyll3 leaves

     '_Z_M_e_1' a numeric vector giving percentage Megaphyll1 leaves

     '_Z_M_e_2' a numeric vector giving percentage Megaphyll2 leaves

     '_Z_M_e_3' a numeric vector giving percentage Megaphyll3 leaves

     '_A_E_m_g' a numeric vector giving percentage leaves with Emarginate
          Apexes

     '_A_R_n_d' a numeric vector giving percentage leaves with Round Apexes

     '_A_A_c_u' a numeric vector giving percentage leaves with Acute Apexes

     '_A_A_t_n' a numeric vector giving percentage leaves with Attenuate
          Apexes

     '_B_C_o_r' a numeric vector giving percentage leaves with Cordate
          Bases

     '_B_R_n_d' a numeric vector giving percentage leaves with Round Bases

     '_B_A_c_u' a numeric vector giving percentage leaves with Acute Bases

     '_R_l_t_1' a numeric vector giving percentage leaves with aspect ratio
          less than 1:1 (i.e. wider than long)

     '_R_b_1_2' a numeric vector giving percentage leaves with aspect ratio
          between 1:1 and 1:2

     '_R_b_2_3' a numeric vector giving percentage leaves with aspect ratio
          between 1:2 and 1:3

     '_R_b_3_4' a numeric vector giving percentage leaves with aspect ratio
          between 1:3 and 1:4

     '_R_g_t_4' a numeric vector giving percentage leaves with aspect ratio
          between greater than 1:4

     '_S_O_b_o' a numeric vector giving percentage Obovate leaves

     '_S_E_l_p' a numeric vector giving percentage Elliptical leaves

     '_S_O_v_t' a numeric vector giving percentage Ovate leaves

     '_M_A_T' a numeric vector giving mean annual temperature in degrees
          Centigrade

     '_S_t_u_d_y' a factor with levels 'Wolfe173' 'Jacobs' 'Gregory'
          'Kowalski'

_D_e_t_a_i_l_s:

     Data consists of a data frame with 245 rows and 33 columns
     (variables). The rows represent floras (collections of plants from
     a defined locality); the first 31 variables are percentages of
     leaves in each flora in each of 31 morphological categories; the
     32nd variable is mean annual temperature of the area from which
     the floras was collected in degrees C, and the 32nd is a factor
     indicating which of 4 published studies the floras come from. See
     cited publications for more details.

_S_o_u_r_c_e:

     Green, W. A. (2006) Loosening the CLAMP: An exploratory graphical
     approach to the Climate Leaf Analysis Multivariate Program {\it
     Palaeontologia Electronica} 9(2):9A.

     <http://www.palaeo-electronica.org/2006_2/clamp/index.html>

     <http://www.open.ac.uk/earth-research/spicer/CLAMP/Physg3ar.xls>
     (the climatic variables)

     <http://www.open.ac.uk/earth-research/spicer/CLAMP/MET3AR.xls>
     (the morphological leaf scores)

_R_e_f_e_r_e_n_c_e_s:

     Gregory-Wodzicki, K. M. (2000) Relationships between leaf
     morphology and climate, Bolivia: implications for estimating
     paleoclimate from fossil floras. {\it Paleobiology} 26(4):668-688.

     Jacobs, B. F. (1999) Estimation of rainfall variables from leaf
     characters in tropical Africa. {\it Palaeogeography,
     Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology} 145:231-250.

     Jacobs, B. F. (2002) Estimation of low-latitude paleoclimates
     using fossil angiosperm leaves: examples from the Miocene Tugen
     Hills, Kenya. {\it Paleobiology} 28(3):399-421.

     Kowalski, E. A. (2002) Mean annual temperature estimation base on
     leaf morphology: a test from tropical South America. {\it
     Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology} 188:141-165.

     Wolfe, J.A., (1993), A method of obtaining climatic parameters
     from leaf assemblages. {\it U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin} 2040,
     73 pp.

_E_x_a_m_p_l_e_s:

     data(Leaves)
     ## maybe str(Leaves) ; plot(Leaves) ...

