hadamard {survey} | R Documentation

## Hadamard matrices

### Description

Returns a Hadamard matrix of dimension larger than the argument.

### Usage

    hadamard(n)

### Arguments

`n` | lower bound for size

### Details

For most `n` the matrix comes from `paley`. The 36x36 matrix is from Plackett and Burman (1946) and the 28x28 is from Sloane's library of Hadamard matrices.

Matrices of dimension every multiple of 4 are thought to exist, but this function doesn't know about all of them, so it will sometimes return matrices that are larger than necessary. The excess is at most 4 for n<180 and at most 5% for n>100.

### Value

A Hadamard matrix

### Note

Strictly speaking, a Hadamard matrix has entries +1 and -1 rather than 1 and 0, so `2*hadamard(n)-1` is a Hadamard matrix

### References

Sloane NJA. A Library of Hadamard Matrices http://www.research.att.com/~njas/hadamard/

Plackett RL, Burman JP. (1946) The Design of Optimum Multifactorial Experiments Biometrika, Vol. 33, No. 4 pp. 305-325

Cameron PJ (2005) Hadamard Matrices http://designtheory.org/library/encyc/topics/had.pdf. In: The Encyclopedia of Design Theory http://designtheory.org/library/encyc/

### See Also

`brrweights`, `paley`

### Examples

    par(mfrow=c(2,2))
    ## Sylvester-type
    image(hadamard(63),main=quote("Sylvester: "*64==2^6))
    ## Paley-type
    image(hadamard(59),main=quote("Paley: "*60==59+1))
    ## from NJ Sloane's library
    image(hadamard(27),main=quote("Stored: "*28))
    ## For n=90 we get 96 rather than the minimum possible size, 92.
    image(hadamard(90),main=quote("Constructed: "*96==2^3%*%(11+1)))

    par(mfrow=c(1,1))
    plot(2:150,sapply(2:150,function(i) ncol(hadamard(i))),type="S",
         ylab="Matrix size",xlab="n",xlim=c(1,150),ylim=c(1,150))
    abline(0,1,lty=3)
    lines(2:150, 2:150-(2:150 %% 4)+4,col="purple",type="S",lty=2)
    legend(c(x=10,y=140),legend=c("Actual size","Minimum possible size"),
         col=c("black","purple"),bty="n",lty=c(1,2))

[Package survey version 3.19 Index]