paley {survey} | R Documentation

## Paley-type Hadamard matrices

### Description

Computes a Hadamard matrix of dimension (p+1)*2^k, where p is a prime, and p+1 is a multiple of 4, using the Paley construction. Used by `hadamard`.

### Usage

    paley(n, nmax = 2 * n, prime=NULL, check=!is.null(prime))

    is.hadamard(H, style=c("0/1","+-"), full.orthogonal.balance=TRUE)

### Arguments

`n` | Minimum size for matrix
`nmax` | Maximum size for matrix. Ignored if `prime` is specified.
`prime` | Optional. A prime at least as large as `n`, such that `prime+1` is divisible by 4.
`check` | Check that the resulting matrix is of Hadamard type
`H` | Matrix
`style` | `"0/1"` for a matrix of 0s and 1s, `"+-"` for a matrix of +/-1.
`full.orthogonal.balance` | Require full orthogonal balance?

### Details

The Paley construction gives a Hadamard matrix of order p+1 if p is prime and p+1 is a multiple of 4. This is then expanded to order (p+1)*2^k using the Sylvester construction.

`paley` knows primes up to 7919. The user can specify a prime with the `prime` argument, in which case a matrix of order p+1 is constructed.

If `check=TRUE` the code uses `is.hadamard` to check that the resulting matrix really is of Hadamard type, in the same way as in the example below. As this test takes n^3 time it is preferable to just be sure that `prime` really is prime.

A Hadamard matrix including a row of 1s gives BRR designs where the average of the replicates for a linear statistic is exactly the full sample estimate. This property is called full orthogonal balance.

### Value

For `paley`, a matrix of zeros and ones, or `NULL` if no matrix smaller than `nmax` can be found.
For `is.hadamard`, `TRUE` if `H` is a Hadamard matrix.

### References

Cameron PJ (2005) Hadamard Matrices. http://designtheory.org/library/encyc/topics/had.pdf. In: The Encyclopedia of Design Theory http://designtheory.org/library/encyc/

### See Also

`hadamard`

### Examples

    M<-paley(11)

    is.hadamard(M)
    ## internals of is.hadamard(M)
    H<-2*M-1
    ## HH^T is diagonal for any Hadamard matrix
    H%*%t(H)

[Package survey version 3.19 Index]