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# numpy.block

`numpy.``block`(arrays)

  Assemble an nd-array from nested lists of blocks.

  Blocks in the innermost lists are concatenated (see `concatenate`) along the last dimension (-1), then these are concatenated along the second-last dimension (-2), and so on until the outermost list is reached.

  Blocks can be of any dimension, but will not be broadcasted using the normal rules. Instead, leading axes of size 1 are inserted, to make `block.ndim` the same for all blocks. This is primarily useful for working with scalars, and means that code like `np.block([v, 1])` is valid, where `v.ndim == 1`.

  When the nested list is two levels deep, this allows block matrices to be constructed from their components.

  New in version 1.13.0.

  Parameters: | arrays : nested list of array_like or scalars (but not tuples) If passed a single ndarray or scalar (a nested list of depth 0), this is returned unmodified (and not copied). Elements shapes must match along the appropriate axes (without broadcasting), but leading 1s will be prepended to the shape as necessary to make the dimensions match.
  Returns: | block_array : ndarray The array assembled from the given blocks. The dimensionality of the output is equal to the greatest of: * the dimensionality of all the inputs * the depth to which the input list is nested
  Raises: | ValueError If list depths are mismatched - for instance, `[[a, b], c]` is illegal, and should be spelt `[[a, b], [c]]` If lists are empty - for instance, `[[a, b], []]`

  See also

  `concatenate`
    Join a sequence of arrays together.
  `stack`
    Stack arrays in sequence along a new dimension.
  `hstack`
    Stack arrays in sequence horizontally (column wise).
  `vstack`
    Stack arrays in sequence vertically (row wise).
  `dstack`
    Stack arrays in sequence depth wise (along third dimension).
  `vsplit`
    Split array into a list of multiple sub-arrays vertically.

  Notes

  When called with only scalars, `np.block` is equivalent to an ndarray call. So `np.block([[1, 2], [3, 4]])` is equivalent to `np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])`.

  This function does not enforce that the blocks lie on a fixed grid. `np.block([[a, b], [c, d]])` is not restricted to arrays of the form:

      AAAbb
      AAAbb
      cccDD

  But is also allowed to produce, for some `a, b, c, d`:

      AAAbb
      AAAbb
      cDDDD

  Since concatenation happens along the last axis first, `block` is _not_ capable of producing the following directly:

      AAAbb
      cccbb
      cccDD

  Matlab’s “square bracket stacking”, `[A, B, ...; p, q, ...]`, is equivalent to `np.block([[A, B, ...], [p, q, ...]])`.

  Examples

  The most common use of this function is to build a block matrix

      >>> A = np.eye(2) * 2
      >>> B = np.eye(3) * 3
      >>> np.block([
      ...     [A,               np.zeros((2, 3))],
      ...     [np.ones((3, 2)), B               ]
      ... ])
      array([[ 2.,  0.,  0.,  0.,  0.],
             [ 0.,  2.,  0.,  0.,  0.],
             [ 1.,  1.,  3.,  0.,  0.],
             [ 1.,  1.,  0.,  3.,  0.],
             [ 1.,  1.,  0.,  0.,  3.]])

  With a list of depth 1, `block` can be used as `hstack`

      >>> np.block([1, 2, 3])              # hstack([1, 2, 3])
      array([1, 2, 3])

      >>> a = np.array([1, 2, 3])
      >>> b = np.array([2, 3, 4])
      >>> np.block([a, b, 10])             # hstack([a, b, 10])
      array([1, 2, 3, 2, 3, 4, 10])

      >>> A = np.ones((2, 2), int)
      >>> B = 2 * A
      >>> np.block([A, B])                 # hstack([A, B])
      array([[1, 1, 2, 2],
             [1, 1, 2, 2]])

  With a list of depth 2, `block` can be used in place of `vstack`:

      >>> a = np.array([1, 2, 3])
      >>> b = np.array([2, 3, 4])
      >>> np.block([[a], [b]])             # vstack([a, b])
      array([[1, 2, 3],
             [2, 3, 4]])

      >>> A = np.ones((2, 2), int)
      >>> B = 2 * A
      >>> np.block([[A], [B]])             # vstack([A, B])
      array([[1, 1],
             [1, 1],
             [2, 2],
             [2, 2]])

  It can also be used in places of `atleast_1d` and `atleast_2d`

      >>> a = np.array(0)
      >>> b = np.array([1])
      >>> np.block([a])                    # atleast_1d(a)
      array([0])
      >>> np.block([b])                    # atleast_1d(b)
      array([1])

      >>> np.block([[a]])                  # atleast_2d(a)
      array([[0]])
      >>> np.block([[b]])                  # atleast_2d(b)
      array([[1]])