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## WarpVision - The Swiss Army Knife of Multimedia Players

By Mark Szkolnicki© June 2003

One of the biggest complaints related to the OS/2 and eComStation (eCS) operating systems has been lack of native support for viewing and listening to modern multimedia files.

Support under OS/2's multimedia subsystem (known as MMOS2), has not been updated by IBM for years. Programs such as PM123 (developed by Samuel Audet and Teneli Leppa) and the CW-Multimedia classes from Chris Wohlgemuth have allowed OS/2 - eCS to play MP3 and OGG audio files on the desktop; however, native support for video files in the latest MPEG (DIV-X), AVI, MOV, QuickTime and other formats has been lacking.

Also, while IBM has provided a UDF installable file system which may be used under OS/2 - eCS to access DVD data disks, no one had created any software to play DVD videos, until now.

From a team of developers in the former USSR comes WarpVision, two programs which play a wide variety of video and audio formats natively under OS/2 - eCS.

I say two programs, as WarpVision comes in two versions - a graphical user interface version (known as WVGUI) and a command line based version (known as WVCLI). They are two different programs, both of which are being actively developed.

Builds of WarpVision are being produced almost weekly, and have a dated build number as part of the name (eg. WVGUI20030119.ZIP), with an increasing number of features. For the purposes of this review, I will describe features present as of the April 8, 2003 build.

### Installation of Warpvision

WarpVision does not currently come with an installation program. However, installation of both programs is simple and straightforward, as both versions come as .zip files which may be extracted to any directory. The WVCLI program is named "wvision.exe", while the WVGUI program is named "video2.exe".

For the GUI version, an INI file called VIDEO2.INI is created the first time the program is run. If a new build is installed over an older build on your system, this file should be deleted prior to running the new build, to ensure that unexpected consequences (like freezes, system TRAPS or inability to run the program) do not occur.

To run most video and audio formats which are currently supported, the base program (either WVCLI or WVGUI) is all that is needed. However, to play DVD video, you will need to undertake some additional configuration for your system.

### Installing DVD Support

Limited information is currently provided with the program on installing and configuring WarpVision and the operating system to play DVDs. Currently, the best information related to DVD hardware is found under the title "DVD Knowledges" in the WVGUI.INF file.

Hardware items mentioned in the WarpVision documentation include:

1. Checking that DMA mode is enabled for IDE based drives, for best playback

   DMA mode is enabled by activating Bus Master mode for the device in question. For drives which do not support this mode automatically, this can be done by adding the appropriate parameters to the device driver statement for IBM1S506.ADD or DANIS506.ADD, usually /a:1 /u:0 /BM, for DVD drives connected as the master device on the secondary IDE controller (consult the appropriate documentation if your system is configured differently).

2. Ensuring that the drive can play disks which have a region setting.

   Most DVD drives manufactured post-2000 contain software which checks for a specific region coding on the DVD (known as RPC-2 drives). If the DVD region coding is set for a region which does not match that on the DVD Drive, the disk will not be played.

   Warpvision does provide a workaround for the region limitation, using a Regionset utility provided with the package; however, there are limitations and cautions related to this utility, so the documentation should be read carefully before you even consider using it.

I experienced a fair amount of difficulty myself getting DVD's to play, when trying WarpVision at various stages of it's development. Finally after reading various forums and soliciting advice from various individuals and sources, I've found the following additional software related items to be useful in getting DVD playback to work under WarpVision.

1. Install UDF support for the operating system

   UDF is the Installable File System (IFS) which allows the OS/2 - eCS operating system to read the formatting on DVD Disks. To read DVD disks correctly, WarpVision needs at least v1.1.3 of UDF installed. It also works with the latest version of UDF support (v2.1.1), which is available through IBM Software Choice or on the eComStation web site, although the WarpVision FAQ file does not indicate this at the time of writing of this article.

   In the CONFIG.SYS file for the system, the IFS statement for UDF support (eg. IFS=X::\OS2\BOOT\UDF.SYS where X is the partition where OS/2 - eCS is installed) must be present BEFORE the IFS statement for supporting the CD file system (eg. IFS=X::\OS2\BOOT\CDFS.SYS), in order for the DVD to be recognized and played correctly.

2. Install the SDD / SNAP video drivers from Scitech

   The SNAP (formerly SDD) drivers from SciTech Software support a wide range of video chipsets under the OS/2 - eCS operating system. WarpVision specifically recommends use of these video drivers to allow correct operation of the program for playback of all video formats, especially if a program called WarpOverlay is used in conjunction with WarpVision (see below).

   Other video drivers may work correctly with WarpVision, but considering that all my systems currently have the SNAP drivers installed and performing well, I have no experience with any other driver configurations.

3. Install the latest versions of DANIS506.ADD and DANIATAPI.FLT

   The DANI series of drivers have been developed by Daniela Engert, as a substitute for the original IBM supplied disk drivers. Dani's DANIS506.ADD driver extends and enhances the support for many mass storage devices, while DANIATAPI.FLT provides extended support for ATAPI type devices, including the ability to allow ATAPI devices to be recognized and accessed through the ASPI interface as an SCSI device.

   I currently use v1.6.4 of DANIS506.ADD and DANIATAPI.FLT v0.3.14 on two systems which operate successfully with WarpVision DVD playback. I have used the earlier v1.5.2 (DANIS506.ADD) and v0.3.12 (DANIATAPI.FLT) versions successfully as well. Use of the more current DANI drivers have solved many problems with DVD playback on WarpVision which have been reported by others.

4. Install DVDCSS.DLL

   DVDCSS.DLL is a separate plug-in file which is not distributed with WarpVision.

   It is based on open source work undertaken by the VideoLAN project (www.videolan.org), which is developing a media player for use in various operating system environments.

   DVDCSS.DLL has been ported to OS/2 - eCS (current version 1.2.4), and is required by WarpVision to allow DVD information to be decoded successfully. The DLL needs to be placed in the same directory where the WVGUI or WVCLI executable file is located.

   DVDCSS.DLL may have some legal issues related to it's use, based on the country you are in, so you should check prior to using it.

5. Install WarpOverlay (Optional)

   WarpOverlay is a set of video processing extensions to the SDD / SNAP video driver, developed by Valery Gaynullin, which provides OS/2 - eCS with hardware based enablement for video overlays, scaling and color conversion. It currently supports various nVidia, TNT, ATI, Matrox, 3DFx, S3, NeoMagic and Intel video chipsets. The program is shareware, and may be purchased and registered through Mensys

   These video extensions are the successor to HWENDIVE, which was also developed by the same author. HWENDIVE used the DIVE video support built into OS/2 - eCS to provide video playback. WarpOverlay does not use DIVE for video support.

   A version of the SNAP or SDD video drivers must be installed on the system for WarpOverlay to work properly. It should also be noted that installing an updated version of SNAP or SDD will overwrite the CONFIG.SYS settings for SNAP / SDD which have been modified by WarpOverlay, and return them to their original settings. If you receive a message that WarpOverlay is not installed properly when attempting to start a DVD, with WarpOverlay setting enabled, check that the following line is present in your CONFIG.SYS:

   >      SET C1=SDDGRADD,VRAMMNGR,WOVERLAY

   If the line only says `SET C1=SDDGRADD`, either add the other parameters back in, or reinstall WarpOverlay, which will rewrite the necessary parameters.

   Support for use of WarpOverlay is built-in to WarpVision, and may be configured in the WVGUI settings notebook or through command line options in WVCLI. While it is not specifically required that WarpOverlay be installed, it has been my experience that WarpVision DVD playback is much smoother using these video extensions (decoded as YUV422), as opposed to the default RGB16 decoding method.

### Program Operation

WVCLI may be run from the OS/2 - eCS command line, either windowed or full screen. To allow the CLI version to run, you must change to the directory where WVCLI is installed and type:

>     wvision [options] [file (for audio or video) or drive (for DVD)]

The README which comes with the WVCLI program contains detailed information on all the options for running audio, video and DVD files. As a minimum, the video or audio file to be run needs to be specified, along with its location. In the case of a DVD disk, the drive letter needs to be specified.

Options that can be added to the command line include:

> `-noaudio` | Disable audio
> `-44100` | Resample audio 48kHz to 44kHz
> `-48000` | Resample any audio sample rate to 48kHz
> `-adevXX` | Select audio device 0...
> `-aidXXX` | Select audio channel (MPEG: 0-31 | AVI: 1-99 | ASF: 0-127 | VOB: 128-...)
> `-vrgb` | Output decoded frames in BGR24 (default)
> `-vyuv` | Output decoded frames in YUV422 (usable if you have hwendive or WarpOverlay)
> `-idx` | Rebuild AVI file index
> `-vaspect` | Keep aspect ratio
> `-vidXXX` | Select video channel (MPEG: 0-15 | AVI: ...)
> `-bri` | Bright (-128 / 128)
> `-pricls` | Priority class 0 - 4 (3 by default)
> `-pridta` | Priority delta -31 - 31 (-31 by default)
> `-win` | Show movie window at startup
> `-nowin` | Don't show movie window at startup
> `-f<file>` | Load media file at program startup

WVGUI may be run from the directory where the program is installed, or by placing an icon on the desktop, and clicking on the icon to start the program.

When WVGUI is run for the first time, the program will open with two windows, with a default skin.

The first window contains the controls for the program. The control panel contains buttons and sliders to control playback, similar to controls in programs like PM123 and WinAmp. Like these programs, WarpVision's control panel style can also be changed, using other skin designs (BMP or PNG format), which have been created by various authors (many of these skins are available for download on the Warpvision web page - one (wvgui_mediapl15_skin.zip) is currently available on Hobbes).

WVGUI control panel with mediaplayer skin by Klaus Staedtler

The setting notebook for WVGUI can also be accessed from a button on the control panel.

The second window will display a video file that is being run. The window may be scaled to a larger size by pulling at a corner of the window with the mouse cursor. Video files may also be run full screen, by right clicking on the video window, and choosing the full screen option. For the current version of WVGUI, moving the mouse to the bottom of the screen in full screen mode will surface the control panel, allowing adjustment to a video file being played.

Various hot keys are described in the documentation, for use with both WVGUI and WVCLI, and may be used to control various aspects of video playback. These hot keys include the following listed in the documentation:

> `Ctrl-Enter` or`F` | Toggle FS/Window
> `Space` or`P` | Pause
> `Left` and`Right` cursor | Seek forward/backward at 10 sec
> `Up` and`Down` cursor | Seek forward/backward at 60 sec
> `PgUp` and`PgDown` | Seek forward/backward at 600 sec
> `+` and`-` or`Q` and`A` | Sync correction
> `Grey (NUM Pad) +` and`-` | Audio Volume
> `<` and`>` | Brightness
> `Esc` | Return from fullscreen
> `M` | Mute/Unmute
> `Alt-<n>` | Snap window to <n> (where n-digit number)
> `Ctrl-P` | OSD progress bar on/off
> `Z` | Save current snapshot to PPM file. PPM file name is looks like: <original_file_name>_hh_mm_ss.ppm

Hot keys which work only if the "Keep Aspect Ratio when resizing" setting is enabled:

> `Ctrl-1` | force aspect 16:9
> `Ctrl-2` | force aspect 4:3
> `Ctrl-3` | force aspect 16:9 with cutting edges
> `Ctrl-4` | original aspect

Hot keys which work only if the "Use WO (Warp Overlay) if present" setting is enabled:

> `W` and`S` | Hardware brightness (Pressed with control will reset to default)
> `E` and`D` | Hardware contrast (Pressed with control will reset to default)
> `T` and`G` | Hardware saturation (Pressed with control will reset to default)
> `Y` and`H` | Hardware hue (Pressed with control will reset to default)

Right clicking the mouse on either window will also access other menu choices for the window in question. Some additional properties or settings may be accessible from buttons on the player, depending on the skin you are using.

The version currently being reviewed also has the ability to autoplay DVD/CDs when they are inserted, if the appropriate setting is checked in the DVD/VCD tab of the settings notebook.

As no menu selection capability is currently available in WarpVision, individual titles or chapters need to be selected for playback, using the command line for WVCLI, or the DVD/VCD setting tab for WVGUI. For full movie playback, normally all that is required is to select the first title on the DVD; however, for DVD's containing episodes of a series or special features, other titles or chapters may need to be selected, depending on the way the individual DVD's have been organized.

For playing individual media files, a playlist option is available, accessed from the menu on the control panel. Various media files can be added to the playlist, and played individually, randomly or in sequence. Other menu settings are available for manipulating files in the playlists. Currently, drag and drop to the playlist is not supported.

### WarpVision GUI Settings

The WarpVision GUI version has a settings notebook where all settings for the program can be configured. In its current state, WarpVision GUI will not automatically determine the proper settings for playing certain type of multimedia files; therefore, you may have to adjust some settings for various types of files to get them to work properly.

#### AUDIO TAB

The audio tab controls various types of audio behavior within WarpVision.

Audio ID - For proper DVD playback in various languages, the Audio ID number needs to be chosen/entered in the Audio ID box. The Audio ID for English is 128.

The audio ID's are not obvious, and may require some lurking on various forums to get the correct setting for other languages. Running WarpVision CLI with DVD settings can also be used to determine what the proper Audio ID is for your specific region or country, based on the screen information displayed when the program starts running.

For running other files (eg. AVI, MP3 files), I've found that I had to set Audio ID to -1 to get them to play sound properly.

Disable Audio - Self Explanatory

Normalize - Normalize provides the ability to play audio files which were recorded at different volumes at the same volume. (This option was recently added and does not appear on the window capture above).

I've found that certain files (eg. .AVI files with sound) will play only static if normalize is enabled. MP3's play fine with or without normalize.

Device - not sure about this one

I assume this setting allows a choice of audio device if more than one is present. Works fine for me for all multimedia files at the default setting (0). I currently have only one audio device in each of my systems, though.

Shared Access - allows audio device access to be shared if more than one program is running.

Resample - three buttons, which allow resampling of sound files or disks with sound from 48 Khz to 44 KHz, all to 48KHz or no resampling. I've found no resampling to be suitable for all my systems using WarpVision.

#### VIDEO TAB

This tab controls video display and decoding functions.

Use WO if Present - Enables use of WarpOverlay if these hardware extensions have been enabled. If this box is checked, decoding settings will automatically be set to YUV422.

Decode as BGR24 - Having WarpOverlay installed, I have not tried this decoding option

Decode as RGB16 - Default Option. My experience is that decoding of AVI and DVD files using this method results in video which is quite jerky and/or off color, depending on the video media file played.

Decode as YUV422 - Used with WarpOverlay, this option provides smooth and crisp video when playing both AVI and DVD files. I have used both HWEndive and WarpOverlay since testing WarpVision, so I have not tested this decoding method without these enhancements installed, to see what would happen.

Auto - automatically chooses decoding method. I have not used this setting.

Brightness slider - controls the brightness of the picture shown in the video window. I have had to adjust this setting for displaying AVI files taken with a digital camera, to allow the files to display properly.

#### INTERFACE TAB

The interface tab (2 pages) allows the user to adjust how the WarpVision interface will behave on start-up. It includes various checkoff settings controlling playlist and window behavior.

The second page of the Interface Tab also includes a drop down list for choosing specific Subtitle language code pages, and settings for enabling various set aspect ratios, when viewing video files.

#### SYSTEM TAB

This tab controls how the WarpVision program will interact with the system hardware and operating system software. The menu consists of various check-off boxes which may be enabled or disabled.

Main Sync Method - Controls synchronization between video and sound on DVD's, and allows the display rate, in frames per second to be adjusted manually. Recommended method for fast CPU computers.

This is the default setting, which I've found acceptable for running on my computers with DVD playback equipment installed (1.2 Ghz Pentium III and 1.54 Ghz AMD 1800+). I have had sound synchronization problems with WarpVision, but have not found that manual adjustment of the frame rate has affected the problems in any way.

Secondary Sync Method - An alternate synchronization method for use on slower computers.

Desktop Color in RGB Format - I've never changed this option or experimented with it.

Priority Class and Delta - I assume these control CPU load and program priority. I've never changed them, as default values on my systems seem to be acceptable.

#### DVD/VCD TAB

This tab controls specific functions related to DVD and VCD (video CD?) playback.

Check for New CD - If enabled, will automatically check for a new CD or DVD which has been inserted and attempt to play it.

Disable Cache for CD - Self Explanatory

Drive Letter - the letter of the DVD or VCD drive on your system.

Drive Speed - allows the DVD/VCD drive to be run at a setting below the maximum if desired (lowers noise level of drive). Works only for IDE based drives (ie. cannot control drive speed on SCSI based drives)

VCD Track - controls VCD track to be played. I have no VCDs, so I have not been able to test this function.

Title, Angle Chapter - Controls playback on a DVD.

Some DVD's contain complete movies which are played from the beginning, while others contain individual episodes of series, or separate features. This section allows you to select the specific location on the DVD you want to play, when starting the DVD.

As no menu support is currently available in WarpVision, you will have to manually select the correct setting for the DVD to be played. Usually, leaving the default Title 0 (select title with maximum length) or selecting Title 1 on a movie is good enough to allow full playback of the movie. For episodes of a series, other titles or chapters may have to be selected, depending on the DVD, in order to view the appropriate area on the disk.

Some trial and error may be necessary to find the appropriate settings (ie. playing the DVD with various Chapter and Title settings, to find the correct ones).

Audio Language - Needs to be selected to get proper language playback. Settings are plain text, as opposed to numbers in the Audio ID box in the Audio Tab.

Title Language - If subtitles are used, this tab sets the subtitle language. These settings are also in Plain Text.

#### POSTPROCESSING TAB

Settings in this tab control video postprocessing settings.

Postprocessing may be required for certain types of media files, to eliminate artifacts (eg. black squares) on the video which may have been created during the recording process. WarpVision GUI contains a wide variety of postprocessing settings.

Detailed information on postprocessing is located in documents contained in the DOCUMENT subdirectory created when WarpVision GUI is installed. I have not tried or used any of the postprocessing settings, as I've found the default settings to be acceptable.

#### WARPOVERLAY TAB

This tab controls the behavior of WarpOverlay as it relates to WarpVision.

I have not played with any of the settings present in this tab. as I've found the default settings to be acceptable for video playback on my systems.

#### ABOUT TAB

Information about the program (will also display registration information, if you've obtained a registration key, after donating to WarpVision.

### Video Playback

As listed on the web site, WarpVision currently supports video playback of DVD, DivX-3, DivX-4, DivX-5, xViD, MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPEG-4, AVI, ASF and Quicktime/Sorenson v1 formats. For some Windows based formats, support is provided using ODIN, the WIN32 subsystem developed for running Windows programs seamlessly on the OS/2 - eCS desktop. ODIN must therefore be installed correctly on your system, to allow these formats to be used.

I have tried video playback of AVI files created by a Canon Digital Elph camera, DivX trailers for commercial movies and DVD disks for various movies.

Screen capture of scene from Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within DIVX movie trailer

Using the current setups and settings which I have described previously on the two computers tested, I've found the video playback quality for most files to be very high, with no blurring or fuzziness, even when displayed fullscreen on a 17" monitor. Some fuzziness is observed with the AVI files created via my digital camera, but the problem is related to the camera itself (limited to resolutions of 320 X 240 or 640 X 480 only, for video AVI files). Use of a playlist for video AVI and DivX files also works perfectly.

I needed to vary the audio ID settings in the audio tab for DVD settings and AVI / DivX settings (DVD Audio ID 128 as opposed to AVI / DivX Audio ID -1), and also uncheck "normalize", to get audio playback for AVI / DivX; otherwise, most settings which I previously described can be used for all video playback which I have currently tested.

Screen capture of opening credits from a Poirot mystery episode on DVD

I've found the audio produced by WarpVision for video playback to be extremely high quality as well. However, some problems have been experienced with both sound synchronization and getting sound to work with various OS/2 - eCS based sound drivers (see Current Program Limitations).

### Audio Playback

As listed in the documentation, WarpVision currently supports audio playback of AC3, ACM, MP3, PCM and WMA formats. For some formats, support is provided using ODIN, the WIN32 subsystem developed for running Windows programs seamlessly on the OS/2 - eCS desktop.

I have tried audio playback of MP3 files created through LeechMP3, as well as MP3 files provided by other individuals.

I needed to set the audio ID settings in the audio tab to "-1", to get audio playback to work. MP3 files also work correctly on 5 systems tested whether "normalize" is checked in the Audio Tab or not.

I've found the MP3 audio produced by WarpVision to be extremely high quality, and comparable to audio produced by PM123, my other audio player or choice. Use of a playlist of audio files also works perfectly.

### Current Program Limitations

Like any work in progress, WarpVision does have its limitations.

The most noticeable on-going problem on my test systems is sound synchronization and sound playback for DVD's, under WVGUI.

The two systems with DVD capabilities which I have used for testing WarpVision GUI use the UniAud audio drivers from IBM developed by Innotek in Germany, and a Crystal based chipset.

In the case of the system using the UniAud drivers and a Soundblaster Live! card (AMD 1.54 Ghz desktop with a 6X SCSI Yamaha DVD drive), sound cuts out after playing for between 5 seconds and 1-2 minutes, depending on the DVD which is being played. This has been consistent throughout testing of various builds in the last 3 months.

As an additional test on this system, I reverted back to the SBLive! drivers v0.81, to see whether any difference was observed. Results again were mixed.

In some cases, the same DVD's used in the first tests continued to play past the point where the audio cut out with the UniAud drivers. However, jerky video was observed, and the audio for the disk cut in and out. In one case, the video froze at the title track for a TV episode, but sound continued to play for another five minutes, then cut out.

In the case of the system which contains the Crystal based chipset (ThinkPad A30p with a Matsushita DVD/CD-RW combo drive), sound plays perfectly while the DVD is running, but is out of synchronization with the video being displayed by 1-3 seconds (ie. the sound lags behind the video being displayed). I've attempted to adjust various sound, hotkey and frame rate settings on the settings pages, without improvement.

I have not used WVCLI for testing purposes, so I do not know if this sound synchronization problem also occurs on the CLI version as well.

From conversations with other users of the program, the DVD sound problems seem to vary, and may be sound driver related, as some users experience no problems with either playback or sound synchronization, while others can not get sound in DVD playback at all.

Warpvision also does not support playback of DTS based DVD's at the present time, although that may change in the future.

As mentioned previously, support is also not available for menu or scene selection using the integrated menus available on the DVD's, but this may change in future as well.

### Program Support

A WarpVision forum is present on the Kiev Elephant site, which requires free registration to access. The developers of the program are active participants in the forum, and are very responsive to fixing problems or bugs related to the program.

It has also been my experience that they are very responsive to technical suggestions related to operation of the program, and inclusion of user suggested technical features into the operation of WarpVision.

### Documentation

At the moment, documentation related to the programs is limited.

WVCLI comes with a README file which contains detailed information on command line playback, with various options.

An INF file is included in the DOC subdirectory installed with WVGUI, which contains some basic information about the program; however, limited information is provided related to installation, set-up and configuration requirements, especially related to playing DVD's.

This is to be expected, as development of additional functionality continues at a fast and furious pace.

As WarpVision matures, it is anticipated that better and more comprehensive documentation will be developed.

### WarpVision Status

WarpVision is currently "donation ware" based (ie. you can choose a contribution level to be made to the WarpVision project). Starting with the version reviewed, a limitation of 15 minutes of DVD playtime has been placed on the programs, which is lifted if the registration key is placed in the folder where WarpVision is installed. Contributions may be made through the BMT Micro site.

### Summary

Creating something from nothing is always a daunting task.

While built originally on GPL based code obtained from various sources for playing different multimedia files (see the credits section on the WarpVision page), the WarpVision team has advanced beyond the original sources to create an integrated "one stop" program which is fast becoming an indispensable tool for accessing and playing all modern multimedia files under OS/2 - eCS.

WarpVision is certainly not yet perfect, but its development has advanced the multimedia capabilities of OS/2 - eCS by a light year.

References: Donations to WarpVision Team - https://secure.bmtmicro.com/ECommerce-OffSite/11980000.html DVDCSS download location - ftp.os2.spb.ru/pub/mmedia/contrib/dvdcss.1.2.4.zip eComStation Operating System - www.ecomstation.com Hobbes site (DANI Drivers) - hobbes.nmsu.edu/pub/os2 Kiev Elephant Site (home of WarpVision) - http://os2.kiev.ua/ Mensys On-line Shopping Page (WarpOverlay) - http://shop.mensys.nl/catalogue/mns_HWEnDive.html Scitech Software (SNAP video Drivers) - http://www.scitechsoft.com WarpVision Description - http://os2.kiev.ua/en/wv.php WarpOverlay description - http://os2.kiev.ua/en/overlay.php

Mark Szkolnicki has been an OS2 / eComStation user and enthusiast for 12 years.
He is owner and senior consultant of Paladin Environmental Consulting Services Ltd., an environmental and emergency planning organization based in Sherwood Park, Alberta, Canada, which undertakes projects for organizations in Canada, the United States and Internationally. (website - http://www.paladinenvironmental.com)

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