]> Using the Up and Down arrow keys, highlight the language you would like to use during the installation and as the system default once &RHL; is installed, then press Enter. Select the language or languages to be used on your &RHL; system. If you are only going to use one language on your system, selecting only that language will save significant disk space. This is the default and recommended setting as determined by the language you selected to use during the installation. However, by selecting only one language, you will only be able to use that specified language after the &RHL; installation is complete. &RHL; can alternately install and support several languages. To use more than one language on your system, choose specific languages to be installed, or select all languages to have all available languages installed on your &RHL; system. You must select a language to use as the default language. The default language will be the language used on your &RHL; system once installation is complete. If you choose to install other languages, you can change your default language after the installation. To navigate the installation dialogs, use the Left, Right, Up, and Down arrow keys. Use Tab, and Alt-Tab to cycle forward or backward through each widget on the screen. Most screens display a summary of available cursor positioning keys along the bottom. To "press" a button, position the cursor over the button (using Tab, for instance) and press Space or Enter. To select an item from a list of items, move the cursor to the item you wish to select and press Enter. To select an item with a check box, move the cursor to the check box and press Space to select an item. To deselect, press Space a second time. Pressing F12 accepts the current values and proceeds to the next dialog; it is equivalent to pressing the OK button. Unless a dialog box is waiting for your input, do not press any keys during the installation process (doing so may result in unpredictable behavior). Using the Up and Down arrow keys, select the keyboard that best matches your keyboard, then press Enter. If you have a serial mouse, select the appropriate serial port where you mouse can be located. Once the serial port has been highlighted, press OK. The installation program probes your system to determine your mouse type. If the mouse selected by the installation program is not correct, use the Up and Down arrow keys to select the correct mouse type. If you have a two-button mouse and want it to emulate a three-button mouse, Tab over to the Emulate 3 Buttons field and press Space. Using the Up and Down arrow keys, select the type installation you will use. For instance, if you are installing a typical, desktop system, choose Workstation. Welcome! This installation process is outlined in detail in the &RHLRGS; available from &RHI; on the Documentation CD. Please read through the guide before you being the installation process. HTML and PDF versions of the manual are also online, at http://www.redhat.com. If you have purchased an Official &RHL; boxed set, be sure to register your product through our website (www.redhat.com/now). Congratulations! Your &RHL; &RHLVER; installation is now complete! The installation program will prompt you to prepare your system for reboot. Don't forget to remove any media from the floppy drive or CD-ROM drive. If you did not install LILO, you'll need to use your boot disk now. If you're not sure what to do next, we suggest you begin with the &RHLGSG; as an introduction to using Red Hat Linux. If you are a more experienced user looking for information on system configuration or administration topics, you may find the &RHLRGS; (which is found on the Documentation CD or online) to be more helpful. Note: Setting up a root account and password is one of the most important steps during your installation. Your root account enables you to install packages, upgrade RPMs and do most system maintenance. Logging in as root gives you complete control over your system and is very powerful. You should be sure to use the root account only for administration. Create a non-root account for your general use and su - to gain root access when you need to fix something quickly. These basic rules will minimize the chances of a typo or incorrect command doing damage to your system Enter a root password. The root password must be at least six characters long; the password you type is not echoed to the screen. You must enter the password twice; if the two passwords do not match, the installation program will ask you to enter them again. You should make the root password something you can remember, but not something that is easy for someone else to guess. You should not write down this or any password you create. Create a user account so you will have an account to login to once the installation has completed. Enter an account name (User ID), then enter in the full name of that user. Enter and confirm a password for that user account. To create additional user accounts, use Tab to select the Add button and press Enter. To edit an existing account, use Tab to select the Edit button and press Enter. To delete an account, use Tab to select the Delete button and press Enter. If you want to make changes to a current account, use Tab to select the desired field and make changes as needed. When you are satisfied with your changes, select OK and press Enter. Select the correct root partition for your &RHL; upgrade. If you would like to select individual packages to be upgrades, select OK. Otherwise, select No. Welcome! This installation process is outlined in detail in the &RHLRGS; available from &RHI; on the Documentation CD. Please read through the guide before you being the installation process. HTML and PDF versions of the manual are online, at http://www.redhat.com. If you have purchased an Official &RHL; boxed set, be sure to register your product through our website (www.redhat.com/now). The installation program was unable to determine your X server. Please select the correct X server for your system. Congratulations! Your reconfiguration of &RHL; is complete. The installation program will prompt you to prepare your system for reboot. Don't forget to remove any media from the floppy drive or CD-ROM drive. If you did not install LILO, you'll need to use your boot disk now. If you're not sure what to do next, we suggest you begin with the &RHLGSG; as an introduction to using Red Hat Linux. If you are a more experienced user looking for information on system configuration or administration topics, you may find the &RHLRGS; to be more helpful. If your machine has 32MB of RAM or less, select OK to initialize swap (virtual memory) now. Systems with low memory that do not initialize swap may experience installation failure due to low memory. If your system is added to the network at connect time by an existing server on your LAN, press Space to select Use bootp/dhcp. Otherwise, enter the static network information in the fields provided. Select OK and press Enter. If you have a network card in your computer, enter a fully-qualified domain name (in the form of hostname.domain.name). Otherwise, enter in a hostname that you would like your system to be recognized as (for example: dexter, rosebud or boris) otherwise it will be known as localhost. Select OK and press Enter once done. &RHL; also offers you firewall protection for enhanced system security. A firewall sits between your computer and the network, and determines which resources on your computer remote users on the network are able to access. A properly configured firewall can greatly increase the out-of-the-box security of your system. Choose the appropriate security level for your system. High Security — By choosing High Security, your system will not accept connections that are not explicitly defined by you. By default, only the following connections are allowed: DNS replies DHCP — so any network interfaces that use DHCP can be properly configured. Using this High Security will not allow the following: Active mode FTP (Passive mode FTP, used by default in most clients, should work fine.) IRC DCC file transfers RealAudio(tm) Remote X Window System clients If you are connecting your system to the Internet, but do not plan to run a server, this is the safest choice. If additional services are needed, you can choose Customize to allow specific services through the firewall. Medium Security — Choosing Medium Security will not allow your system to have access to certain resources. By default, access to the following resources are not allowed: ports lower than 1023 — these are the standard reserved ports, used by most system services, such as FTP, SSH, telnet, and HTTP. NFS server port (2049) the local X Window System display for remote X clients the X Font server port (This is disabled by default in the font server.) If you want to allow resources such as RealAudio(tm), while still blocking access to normal system services, choose Medium Security. You can choose Customize to allow specific services through the firewall. No Firewall — No firewall allows complete access and does no security checking. It is recommended that this only be selected if you are running on a trusted network (not the Internet), or if you plan to do more detailed firewall configuration later. Choose Customize to add trusted devices or to allow additional incoming interfaces. Choose which trusted devices and incoming services should be allowed for your network security settings. Trusted Devices — Checking these for any of your devices allows all traffic coming from that device to be allowed. For example, if you are running a local network, but are connecting to the Internet via a PPP dialup, you could check that eth0 is trusted to allow any traffic coming from your local network. It is not recommended to enable this for devices that are connected to public networks, such as the Internet. Allow Incoming — Enabling these options allow the specified services to pass through the firewall. Note, during a workstation-class installation, the majority of these services are not present on the system. DHCP — This allows DHCP queries and replies, and allows any network interfaces that use DHCP determine their IP address. DHCP is normally enabled. SSH — Secure Shell (SSH) is a protocol for logging into and executing commands on remote machines. It provides secure encrypted communications. If you plan on accessing your machine remotely via SSH over a firewalled interface, enable this option. You need the openssh-server package installed for this option to be useful. Telnet — Telnet is a protocol for logging into remote machines. It is unencrypted, and provides little security from network snooping attacks. Enabling telnet is not recommended. You need the telnet-server package installed for this option to be useful. WWW (HTTP) — HTTP is the protocol used by Apache to serve Web pages. If you plan on making your Web server publicly available, enable this option. This option is not required for viewing pages locally or developing Web pages. You need the Apache package installed for this option to be useful. Mail (SMTP) — This allows incoming SMTP mail delivery. If you need to allow remote hosts to connect directly to your machine to deliver mail, enable this option. You do not need to enable this if you collect your mail from your ISP's server by POP3 or IMAP, or if you use a tool such as fetchmail. Note that an improperly configured SMTP server can allow remote machines to use your server to send spam. FTP — FTP is a protocol used for remote file transfer. If you plan on making your FTP server publicly available, enable this option. You need the wu-ftpd (and possibly anonftp) packages installed for this option to be useful. Other ports — You can specify that other ports not listed here be allowed through the firewall. The format to use is 'port:protocol'. For example, if you wanted to allow IMAP access through your firewall, you can specify 'imap:tcp'. You can also specify numeric ports explicitly; to allow UDP packets on port 1234 through, specify '1234:udp'. To specify multiple ports, separate them by commas. You can skip this section if you will not be setting up network passwords. If you are unsure, ask your system administrator for assistance. Unless you are setting up an NIS password, you will notice that both MD5 and shadow are selected. Using both will make your system as secure as possible. Use Shadow Passwords -- provides a very secure method of retaining passwords for you. The password filed in the /etc/passwd file is replaced by /etc/shadow which is readable only by root. Enable MD5 Passwords -- allows a long password to be used (up to 256 characters) instead of the standard eight letters or less. Enable NIS -- allows you to run a group of computers in the same Network Information Service domain with a common password and group file. There are two options here to choose from: Note: To configure the NIS option, you must be connected to an NIS network. If you are unsure whether you are connected to an NIS network, please ask your system administrator. NIS Domain -- this option allows you to specify which domain or group of computers your system will belong to. NIS Server -- this option causes your computer to use a specific NIS server, rather than "broadcasting" a message to the local area network asking for any available server to host your system. Enable LDAP -- LDAP consolidates certain types of information within your organization. For example, all of the different lists of users within your organization can be merged into one LDAP directory. For more information about LDAP, refer to the &RHLRGS;. There are three options to choose from here: LDAP Server -- this option allows you to access a server running the LDAP protocol. LDAP Base DN -- this option allows you to look up user information by its Distinguished Name (DN). Use TLS (Transport Layer Security) lookups -- this option allows LDAP to send encrypted user names and passwords to an LDAP server before authentication. Enable Kerberos -- Kerberos is a secure system for providing network authentication services. For more information about Kerberos, refer to the &RHLRGS;. There are three options to choose from here: Realm -- this option allows you to access a network that uses Kerberos, composed of one or a few servers (also known as KDCs) and a (potentially very large) number of clients. KDC -- this option allows you access to the Key Distribution Center (KDC), a machine that issues Kerberos tickets (sometimes called a Ticket Granting Server or TGS). Admin Server -- this option allows you to access a server running kadmind. Select Disk Druid if you want to use the Disk Druid partitioning tool and press Enter. For a more advanced, expert-level partitioning tool, select fdisk and press Enter. Both the &RHLIG; and the &RHLRGS; contain information regarding partitioning, including basic partitioning strategies and general partitioning information. Highlight the drive you want to partition and press Enter. You will then be presented with the fdisk partitioning screen. You can use fdisk to create, delete, or modify partitions on the selected hard drive. If you don't want to use fdisk, choose Back to return to the previous screen, select Disk Druid, and press Enter to continue. For help with fdisk, type m at the prompt for a list of commands. Some quick commands to get you started: n -- Adds a new partition. d -- Deletes a partition. p -- Prints out the partition table. l -- Lists known partition types. w -- Writes partition table to disk and exits fdisk. q -- Quits without saving any changes. This screen only appears when your boot partition has exceeded the 1023 cylinder limit during partitioning. LBA32 support is new to &RHL; &RHLVER; and not all motherboards which claim LBA32 support work properly at this time. It is highly recommended that you create a boot floppy if you wish to proceed. Otherwise, you may not be able to boot into &RHL; once installation is complete. One of the largest obstacles for a new user during a Linux installation is partitioning. &RHL; makes this process much simpler by providing an option for automatic partitioning. By selecting automatic partitioning, you will not have to use the Disk Druid or fdisk partitioning tools to assign mount points or allocate space for your installation. Automatic partitioning will create and assign partitions for you. If you chose a workstation-class installation, it will remove any existing Linux partitions on your system. If you chose a server-class installation, it will remove all partitions (Linux, Windows and/or others) on your system. Choose the partitions that you would like to format for &RHL;, such as / and /boot. Partitions such as /home or /usr/local must not be formatted if they contain data you wish to keep. Select Check for bad blocks during format to help prevent data loss by finding the bad blocks on a drive. The installation program will make a list of them to prevent data from being written to them in the future. If you wish to set the hardware (CMOS) clock to GMT (Greenwich Mean Time, also known as UTC, or Universal Coordinated Time), select Hardware clock set to GMT. Setting it to GMT means your system will properly handle daylight saving time, if your time zone uses it. On the screen you will see a listing of package groups. When you expand a package group (changing the + to a - beside a package group), the list of packages in that group will appear below it. To select an individual package, press Space. An asterisk (*) will appear beside any of the packages you have selected. Select the package groups that you want to install. To select a package group, highlight it and press Space. To select packages individually, you must check the Select individual packages box at the bottom of the screen. One or more packages you've selected have unresolved dependencies. You can resolve this by selecting Install packages to satisfy dependencies. Many software packages depend on other packages or libraries in order to work correctly. To make sure your system has all the packages it needs in order to work, &RHL; checks these package dependencies each time you install or remove a package. If one package requires another package that has not been installed, unresolved dependencies exist. If you chose to create a boot disk, insert a blank, labeled diskette now. Note: If you chose to perform a partitionless installation, you must create a boot disk. Without this diskette, you will not be able to boot into Red Hat Linux. If you lose or destroy this diskette, you will not be able to boot into Red Hat Linux. If you would like to create a boot disk, select Yes and press Enter. You will be prompted during the last steps of the installation to insert a floppy diskette for boot disk creation. If you chose not to install LILO (for instance you have another OS present and don't want to change the way your system boots), you must create a boot disk in order to boot &RHL;. Note: If you chose to perform a partitionless installation, you must create a boot disk. Without this diskette, you will not be able to boot into Red Hat Linux. If you lose or destroy this diskette, you will not be able to boot into Red Hat Linux. Choose where you would like &RHL; to be installed. If you don't know how to partition your system, please read the section on partitioning in the &RHLIG; or the &RHLRGS; on the Documentation CD-ROM. The top screen shows your existing partitions. Each partition has five fields: Mount Point: This field indicates where the partition will be mounted when &RHL; is installed and running. If a partition exists, but is labeled as "not set" you need to define its mount point using the Edit button. Device: This field displays the partition's device name (for example, hda2 represents the second partition on your primary hard drive). Requested: The Requested field shows how much space the partition has. To re-define the size, delete the current partition and recreate it using the Add button. Actual: This field shows how much space the partition is using. Type: This field shows the partition's type (such as Linux Native or DOS). As you scroll through the Partitions section, you might see an Unallocated Requested Partition message, followed by one or more partitions. A common reason for having an unallocated partition is a lack of sufficient free space for the partition. To fix an unallocated requested partition, you must move the partition to another drive which has the available space, resize the partition to fit on the current drive, or delete the partition entirely. Make changes using the Edit button. The center row of buttons controls the partitioning tool's actions. You can add, edit, and delete partitions here. In addition, there are buttons you can use to accept the changes you've made, or to reset and exit the partitioning tool. Add: Use this button to request a new partition. When selected, a dialog box will appear containing fields that must be filled in (such as mount point, size and type). Edit: Use this button to change the mount point of a currently selected partition. Delete: Use this button to delete a partition. A dialog box will ask you to confirm the deletion. Reset: Use this button to cancel any changes you may have made. Make RAID Device: Use the Make RAID Device button ONLY if you have experience using RAID. To learn more about RAID, refer to the Official &RHLRGS; online at www.redhat.com/support/manuals or on the Documentation CD. This section displays your computer's disk configuration. It is only meant to provide a summary. Each line has the following fields: Drive: This field shows the hard drive's device name (such as hda or hdb). Geom [C/H/S]: The hard drive's geometry shows the number of cylinders, heads and sectors. Total: This field shows the total available space on the hard drive. Free: Here you'll see how much of the hard drive's space is still available. Used: These fields show how much of the hard disk's space is currently allocated to partitions, in megabytes and percentage. To create a new partition, you must first assign the partition a mount point. If this is the root partition, enter /; if this is the swap partition, enter swap; if this is the boot partition, enter /boot; and so on. Next, enter the size of the partition. If most/all of your data will be written to the / (root) partition, you should create a partition at least 900MB (based on a workstation-class installation); custom- (choosing every package) and server-class installations should be larger. Your swap partition should be 16MB or higher (generally equal to the amount of RAM you have, not to exceed 256MB). Your /boot partition should be 16MB. When creating Linux partitions, the only partition that is not of the Linux native type is the swap partition, which is Linux swap. Selecting Grow to fill disk allows that partition to increase or decrease in size as files are added and/or removed from your system. Selecting this option for partitions, such as the / (root) partition, which will have data constantly written to it is always a good idea. Allowable Drives lets you select which hard drive(s) on your system to create that partition on. If you have two or more hard drives, but only want to create Linux partitions on one of them, make sure only that drive in particular is selected. Once you are satisfied with the partition's settings, select OK and press Space, and that partition will be created. Choose Cancel and press Space if you do not want to create the partition with those settings. To edit a partition, you must assign the partition a mount point. If this is the root partition, enter /; if this is the swap partition, enter swap; if this is the boot partition, enter /boot; and so on. Once you are satisfied with the partition's settings, select OK and press Space, and that partition will be created. Choose Cancel and press Space if you do not want to create the partition with those settings. In most cases, linear mode should be enabled; if your computer cannot use linear mode to access your hard drives, deselect this option. If you know of boot options that you need to pass to the kernel, enter those now. Any options you enter will be passed to the Linux kernel every time it boots. Otherwise, select OK and press Enter. If you know of boot options that you need to pass to the kernel, enter those now. Any options you enter will be passed to the Linux kernel every time it boots. Otherwise, select OK and press Enter. The Default Boot label column will be filled in with the word linux on the partition holding your &RHL; system's root filesystem. Other partitions may also have boot labels. If you would like to add boot labels for other partitions (or change an existing boot label), highlight the partition, select OK, and press Enter. The Default Boot label column lists what you must enter at LILO's boot: prompt in order to boot the desired operating system. However, if you forget the boot labels defined on your system, you can always press Tab at LILO's boot: prompt to display a list of defined boot labels. The Default Boot label column will be filled in with the word linux on the partition holding your &RHL; system's root filesystem. Other partitions may also have boot labels. If you would like to add boot labels for other partitions (or change an existing boot label), highlight the partition, select OK, and press Enter. The Default Boot label column lists what you must enter at LILO's boot: prompt in order to boot the desired operating system. However, if you forget the boot labels defined on your system, you can always press Tab at LILO's boot: prompt to display a list of defined boot labels. Choose the partition where you would like LILO to be installed. Choose to install LILO on the Master Boot Record (recommended), unless the MBR already starts another OS loader, such as System Commander. The MBR is a special area on your hard drive that is automatically loaded by your computer's BIOS, and is the earliest point at which LILO can take control of the boot process. If you install LILO in the MBR, when your machine boots, LILO will present a boot: prompt. You can then boot Red Hat Linux or any other operating system you configure LILO to boot. Choose to install LILO on the first sector of your boot partition, if you are using another boot loader. In this case, your other boot loader will take control first. You can then configure that boot loader to start LILO (which will then boot &RHL;). Once you have found the video card that best fits your system, select OK and press Enter. If you card is not listed, choose Unlisted Card. Choose how large to make this filesystem. You must create it to be large enough to hold the installation itself, as well have enough space to save files and write data to. General Size Guidelines: A typical workstation installation will be 900MB or more. A typical server installation will be 1.7GB or more. A typical custom installation (choosing everything) will be 1.7GB or more. Select your monitor from the list. Typing n will jump to monitors which being with the letter "N." If you monitor is not listed, or if you want to specify the horizontal and vertical sync frequencies of your monitor, choose Custom from the list. Select the amount of video memory installed on your video card. If you are not sure, consult the documentation accompanying your video card. Choosing more memory than is present in your card will not damage it, but may cause the XFree86 server to start incorrectly. Next, choose a clockchip setting if your video card supports it (if it has one). The recommended choice is No Clockchip Setting, since XFree86 can automatically detect the proper clockchip in most cases. Do not select any range that exceeds the capacity of your monitor. If you do this, it is possible you may overclock your monitor and damage or destroy it. By selecting custom, you can enter in specific sync ranges. Be sure to consult your monitor's documentation if you are unsure of these values. The Probe for Clocks screen prompts you to allow the installation program to detect what video modes your video card and monitor are capable of using. You should select Probe for best results. By allowing the installation program to detect these modes for you, your choices for video modes may be narrowed down based on your video card and monitor capabilities. However, if a previous attempt to probe video modes ended with a bad result (such as having to reboot your system), you should choose Skip and then choose your preferred video modes. Minimum recommended settings for video modes are 16 bit for most applications (video modes set higher than 16 bit tend to run more slowly) in 1024x768. To choose your preferred display mode, select one or more modes by pressing Space. Caution: Once you click Next, &RHL; will be written to your hard drive. This process cannot be undone, so if you've decided not to install &RHL;, this is the last point at which you can abort the installation process. To abort this installation, remove all &RHL; media, and press your computer's Reset button or reset using Control- Alt- Delete Caution: Once you click Next, &RHL; will be written to your hard drive. This process cannot be undone, so if you've decided not to install &RHL;, this is the last point at which you can abort the installation process. To abort this upgrade, remove all &RHL; media, and press your computer's Reset button or reset using Control- Alt- Delete Upgrading your swap partition is not necessary for all upgrades. You have reached this screen because the installation program has determined you do not have enough memory to continue with the installation. Here you can choose to create a swap file on your hard disk. The swap file is treated as virtual memory and enhances the performace of your system. If you do not want to create a swap file during this upgrade, you may want to consider aborting the installation and creating the necessary file on your own. Enter the size of the swap file (in MB) in the field provided. Next, select the partition where the swap file will reside.